Start-ups wanting to enter the market will not be affected.

The proposed obligations are limited to services storing and providing access to large amounts of copyright-protected works.

In practise, the current situation is much more difficult for start-ups given the network effects/winner-takes-all dynamics online. Also, services do not have to create their own database of works; they can rely on third parties providing the database and technology for ‘matching’ works. Some of these services are reasonably priced even for small, new entrants in the user-upload market.